Publications
Trent D. Ridder, Benjamin J. Ver Steeg, Bentley D. Laaksonen, William T. Radigan, "Robust Calibration Transfer in Noninvasive Ethanol Measurements, Part II: Modification of Instrument Measurements by Incorporation of Expert Knowledge (MIMIK)," Applied Spectroscopy, 68, 865-878 (2014).
Several calibration transfer methods require measurement of a subset of the calibration samples on each future instrument, which is impractical in some applications. Another consideration is that these methods model inter-instrument spectral differences implicitly rather than explicitly. The present work argues that explicit knowledge of the origins of inter-instrument spectral distortions can benefit calibration transfer during the fabrication and assembly of instrumentation, the formation of the multivariate regression, and its subsequent transfer to future instruments. In Part I of this work, a Fourier transform near-infrared system designed to perform noninvasive ethanol measurements was discussed and equations describing the optical distortions caused by self-apodization, retroreflector misalignment, and off-axis detector field of view were provided and examined using laboratory measurements. The spectral distortions were shown to be nonlinear in the amplitude and wavenumber domains, and thus cannot be compensated by simple wavenumber calibration procedures or background correction. Part II presents a calibration transfer method that combines in vivo data with controlled amounts of optical distortions in order to develop a multivariate regression model that is robust to instrument variation. Evaluation of the method using clinical data showed improved measurement accuracy, outlier detection, and generalization to future instruments relative to simple background correction.
Trent D. Ridder, Edward L. Hull, Benjamin J. Ver Steeg, Bentley D. Laaksonen, "Comparison of spectroscopically measured finger and forearm tissue ethanol concentration to blood and breath ethanol measurements," Journal of Journal of Biomedical Optics, 16(2), (2011).
Previous works investigated a spectroscopic technique that offered a promising alternative to blood and breath assays for determining in vivo alcohol concentration. Although these prior works measured the dorsal forearm, we report the results of a 26-subject clinical study designed to evaluate the spectroscopic technique at a finger measurement site through comparison to contemporaneous forearm spectroscopic, venous blood, and breath measurements. Through both Monte Carlo simulation and experimental data, it is shown that tissue optical probe design has a substantial impact on the effective path-length of photons through the skin and the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectroscopic measurements. Comparison of the breath, blood, and tissue assays demonstrated significant differences in alcohol concentration that are attributable to both assay accuracy and alcohol pharmacokinetics. Similar to past works, a first order kinetic model is used to estimate the fraction of concentration variance explained by alcohol pharmacokinetics (72.6-86.7%). A significant outcome of this work was significantly improved pharmacokinetic agreement with breath (arterial) alcohol of the finger measurement (mean k(Art-Fin) = 0.111 min(-1)) relative to the forearm measurement (mean k(Art-For) = 0.019 min(-1)) that is likely due to the increased blood perfusion of the finger.
Trent D. Ridder, Benjamin J. Ver Steeg, Bentley D. Laaksonen, "Comparison of spectroscopically measured tissue alcohol concentration to blood and breath alcohol measurements," Journal of Journal of Biomedical Optics, 14(5), (2009).
Alcohol testing is an expanding area of interest due to the impacts of alcohol abuse that extend well beyond drunk driving. However, existing approaches such as blood and urine assays are hampered in some testing environments by biohazard risks. A noninvasive, in vivo spectroscopic technique offers a promising alternative, as no body fluids are required. The purpose of this work is to report the results of a 36-subject clinical study designed to characterize tissue alcohol measured using near-infrared spectroscopy relative to venous blood, capillary blood, and breath alcohol. Comparison of blood and breath alcohol concentrations demonstrated significant differences in alcohol concentration [root mean square of 9.0 to 13.5 mg/dL] that were attributable to both assay accuracy and precision as well as alcohol pharmacokinetics. A first-order kinetic model was used to estimate the contribution of alcohol pharmacokinetics to the differences in concentration observed between the blood, breath, and tissue assays. All pair-wise combinations of alcohol assays were investigated, and the fraction of the alcohol concentration variance explained by pharmacokinetics ranged from 41.0% to 83.5%. Accounting for pharmacokinetic concentration differences, the accuracy and precision of the spectroscopic tissue assay were found to be comparable to those of the blood and breath assays.
Anita Krishnamurthi, D. M. Terndrup, M. H. Pinsonneault, K. Sellgren, John R. Stauffer, Rudolph Schild, D. E. Backman, K. B. Beisser, D. B.Dahari, A.Dasgupta, J. T. Hagelgans, M. A. Seeds, Rajan Anand, Bentley D. Laaksonen, Laurence A. Marschall, T. Ramseyer, "New Rotation Periods in the Pleiades: Interpreting Activity Indicators," The Astrophysical Journal, 493, pp. 914-925, (1998).
We present results of photometric monitoring campaigns of G, K, and M dwarfs in the Pleiades carried out in 1994-1996. We have determined rotation periods for 18 stars in this cluster. In this paper we examine the validity of using observables such as X-ray activity and the amplitude of photometric variations as indicators of angular momentum loss. We report the discovery of cool, slow rotators with high amplitudes of variation. This contradicts previous conclusions about the use of amplitudes as an alternate diagnostic of the saturation of angular momentum loss. We show that the X-ray data can be used as observational indicators of mass-dependent saturation in the angular momentum loss proposed on theoretical grounds.
S. Allain, J. Bouvier, C. Prosser, L. A. Marschall, B. D. Laaksonen, "Rotational periods and starspot activity of young solar-type dwarfs in the open cluster IC4665," Astronomy and Astrophysics, 305, pp. 498-506, (1996).
We present the results of a V-band photometric monitoring survey of 15 late-type dwarfs in the young open cluster IC 4665. Low-amplitude periodic light variations are found for 8 stars and ascribed to the modulation by starspots that cover typically a few percent of the stellar disk. Periods range from 0.6 to 3.7d, translating to equatorial velocities between 13 and 93km/s. That no period longer than 4d was detected suggests a relative paucity of extremely slow rotators (V_eq_<<10km/s) among late-type dwarfs in IC4665. The fractional number of slow rotators in IC 4665 is similar to that of Alpha Per cluster, suggesting that IC 4665 is close in age to Alpha Per (~50Myr).
Michael W. Richmond, Richard R. Treffers, Alexei V. Filippenko, Schuyler D. van Dyk, Young Paik, Chien Peng, Laurence A. Marschall, Bentley D.Laaksonen, Bruce Macintosh, Ian S. McLean, "UBVRI Photometry of the Type Ia SN 1994D in NGC 4526," The Astrophysical Journal, 109(5), pp. 2121-33, (1995).
We present optical photometry for the type Ia SN 1994D in NGC 4526 from 1994 March 7 to June 4 starting 13 days before B-band maximum. The light curves of this SN resemble closely those of the "normal" type Ia events SNe 1989B and 1980N, differing only in a slightly faster decline after maximum in VRI. The optical absolute magnitudes of SN 1994D, however, are significantly brighter than those of its near twins, and brighter than those predicted by Phillips [ApJ, 413, L105 (1993)] relationship between decline rate and luminosity. Our small amount of IR photometry of SN 1994D is not inconsistent with that of other type Ia SNe.
Charles F. Prosser, Matthew D. Shetrone, Amil Dasgupta, Dana E. Backman, Bentley D. Laaksonen, Shawn W. Baker, Laurence A. Marschall, Barbara A. Whitney, Konrad Kuijken, John R. Stauffer, "Rotation Periods of Open-Cluster Stars. III.," Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 107(709), pp. 211-18, (1995).
We present the results from a photometric monitoring program of 15 open cluster stars and one weak-lined T Tauri star during late 1993/early 1994. Several show rotators which are members of the Alpha Persei, Pleiades, and Hyades open clusters have been monitored and period estimates derived. Using all available Pleiades stars with photometric periods together with current X-ray flux measurements, we illustrate the X-ray activity/rotation relation among Pleiades late-G/K dwarfs. The data show a clear break in the rotation-activity relation around P approximately 6-7 days -- in general accordance with previous results using more heterogeneous samples of G/K stars.
Charles F. Prosser, Matthew D. Shetrone, Ettore Marilli, Santo Catalano, Scott D. Williams, Dana E. Backman, Bentley D. Laaksonen, Vikram Adige, Laurence A. Marschall, John R. Stauffer, "Rotation Periods of Open-Cluster Stars. II.," Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 105(694), pp. 1407-14, (1993).
We present the results from a photometric monitoring program of 21 stars observed during 1992 in the Pleiades and Alpha Persei open clusters. Period determinations for 16 stars are given, 13 of which are the first periods reported for these stars. Brightness variations for an additional five cluster stars are also given. One K dwarf member of the alpha Per cluster is observed to have a period of rotation of only 4.39 hr. perhaps the shortest period currently known among BY Draconis variables. The individual photometric measurements have been deposited with the NSSDC. Combining current X-ray flux determinations with known photometric periods, we illustrate the X-ray activity/rotation relation among Pleiades K dwarfs based on available data.



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